The Importance of Tide Chart Watches for Adventurers
Intro
In the realm of extreme sports, understanding one’s environment can mean the difference between a thrilling adventure and a perilous situation. For enthusiasts of activities like surfing, kayaking, or fishing, tide chart watches have emerged as indispensable tools. These watches offer insights into tidal patterns that can help athletes make informed decisions prior to hitting the waves or navigating through turbulent waters. In this article, we will dissect the significance of tide chart watches, detailing their features, benefits, and why they are essential for both novice and seasoned professionals.
Extreme Sports Overview
Definition of Extreme Sports
Extreme sports encompass a wide variety of activities that are characterized by high levels of risk and adrenaline. Whether it's soaring through the air in paragliding or navigating the rough waters of a river while white-water rafting, these sports push participants to their limits. They often involve elements of speed, height, and a significant physical challenge that makes them different from traditional sports.
History and Evolution
The roots of extreme sports can be traced back to the late 20th century when non-conventional activities began gaining traction. In the 1970s and 1980s, sports like skateboarding and snowboarding rose to fame, laying the groundwork for what would later be classified as extreme sports. Over time, more activities emerged, including BASE jumping and dirt biking, reflecting society's desire for adventure and pushing boundaries.
Popular Extreme Sports Disciplines
- Surfing: Riding the waves has been a beloved pastime for generations. Many surfers rely on tide charts to identify when swells are optimal.
- Kayaking: Whether on calm lakes or raging rivers, knowledge of tidal and water conditions can enhance safety and enjoyment.
- Rock Climbing: Climbers often face harsh conditions; even minimal rain can make rocks slippery. Tide charts may be vital for coastal climbing situations.
Gear and Equipment
Essential Gear for Different Sports
Every extreme sport has its essentials. For instance, surfers need boards suited for the type of waves they intend to tackle, while kayakers require life jackets, paddles, and wet suits. What ties everything together is the importance of compatible gear.
Gear Reviews and Comparisons
When opting for tide chart watches, various brands have specific features tailored for different environments. Brands such as Casio and Garmin offer models that provide detailed tidal information, while Suunto specializes in training watches with GPS capabilities useful for many adventure sports enthusiasts.
Safety Ratings and Certifications
Understanding how safety ratings work can guide choices in purchasing sport equipment. For watches, waterproof ratings, battery life, and durability in rugged environments are key factors to consider. Many brands provide certifications that assure quality.
Training and Preparation
Physical Conditioning and Fitness Tips
Physical readiness is critical in extreme sports. Strength training, flexibility exercises, and practice in water conditions are invaluable. Athletes should also learn to adapt to changing conditions, something tide charts can help predict.
Mental Preparation Techniques
Mindset can often be the secret sauce in overcoming fear. Visualization techniques and setting tangible goals can greatly assist an athlete.
Training Regimens for Various Sports
Engaging in a tailored training regimen equips athletes with the strength and skills necessary for their sport. For example, surfers may focus on paddling endurance, while kayakers may concentrate on flat-water skills to master rough river conditions.
Locations and Destinations
Top Destinations for Extreme Sports
From Hawaii's infamous surf spots to the white-water rapids of Colorado, the right location can shape one's experience in extreme sports. Tahiti offers waves for those who want a surf challenge; New Zealand is a paradise for kayakers.
Travel Tips and Guides
For thrill-seekers, preparation is just as key as the activity itself. Packing suitable gear, researching on-the-ground conditions, and staying informed about local tides are all essential steps in planning a successful extreme sports trip.
"The ocean is a fickle friend; always check her pulse before deciding to dive in."
Foreword to Tide Chart Watches
Tide chart watches are not just another accessory for extreme sports enthusiasts; they are lifelines for safety and performance in unpredictable environments. For surfers, kayakers, and fishermen, understanding the ebb and flow of tides can mean the difference between a thrilling adventure and a dangerous encounter with nature. As the waves crash and the currents shift, the need for precise tidal information is of utmost importance.
In this article, we explore various elements that highlight the significance of tide chart watches. By immersing ourselves in the features that set these watches apart, we will uncover their essential role in planning and executing aquatic endeavors. The value lies not just in the aesthetics of these devices but in their ability to offer real-time data that informs decision-making._
Understanding Tide Charts
To fully grasp the importance of tide chart watches, one must first understand the basics of tide charts themselves. Tide charts represent the cyclical nature of tides, displaying the height of water at specific times throughout the day. Tides are not just predictable; they follow a rhythm influenced primarily by the gravitational forces of the moon and sun, and these forces interact with the unique geography of local coastlines.
- High Tide and Low Tide: High tide occurs when water reaches its peak and starts retreating, while low tide marks its lowest point. Each cycle usually takes about six hours.
- Spring and Neap Tides: These types of tides occur when the gravitational effects of the sun and moon align (spring) or are at right angles (neap). Understanding these variations helps extreme sports enthusiasts plan better.
Tide charts are often displayed as graphs or listing times and heights, making them accessible for anyone eager to embrace the wave or set their kayak against the current. This knowledge serves as a foundation for effective use of tide chart watches, as they often provide not just current tides but also future predictions, ensuring users are always in the loop.
The Role of Tide Charts in Extreme Sports
In the world of extreme sports, particularly those involving water, tide chart watches carry an unprecedented weight of responsibility. The integration of tide data into an athlete's routine can enhance performance in various noteworthy ways:
- Timing is Everything: A surfer, for instance, needs to catch the perfect wave. Tide conditions dictate the size and shape of these waves. Missing the ideal moment could lead to wasted efforts and less thrilling experiences.
- Safety First: For kayakers and fishermen, tides can change rapidly, affecting water flow and creating hazardous conditions. Tide chart watches provide vital information that helps in avoiding treacherous waters or unexpected undertows.
The watch becomes an essential navigation tool, offering insights into when to launch, where to go, and how to stay safe from shifting tides.
"Knowing your tides can be the difference between a fun day out or a trip that turns sour."
In summary, tide chart watches are more than just gadgets. They are critical instruments that help athletes stay informed, plan effectively, and, crucially, keep themselves safe while engaging in their favorite water sports. Thus, appreciating the power of these watches leads to a more rewarding and secure experience on the water.
Key Features of Tide Chart Watches
Tide chart watches play a substantial role in the lives of those who live for the thrill of extreme sports. Understanding the key features of these watches not only helps in ensuring safety but also enhances the overall experience of activities like surfing, kayaking, and fishing. A well-chosen tide chart watch can make the difference between a day well-spent against the backdrop of crashing waves and the painful aftermath of miscalculated timings and safety risks. Let’s delve into the critical features these watches offer:
Real-time Tidal Data Updates
One of the most compelling features of tide chart watches is their ability to provide real-time updates on tidal data. This is a game-changer for extreme sports enthusiasts who often find themselves in ever-changing conditions. With accurate tidal predictions, users can plan their activities around the best possible water conditions.
"Timing is everything in extreme sports. When the tide goes out, you don’t want to be left high and dry."
Suppose a surfer decides to hit the waves during a tidal shift; having immediate access to tidal information means they can rely on several factors, including wave height and current strength. A watch that offers updates in real time ensures that they’re getting information not just from a static tidal chart but from what’s happening in the moment.
Durability and Water Resistance
For someone partaking in sports like surfing and kayaking, durability is not just a feature; it’s a necessity. Tide chart watches are typically designed to withstand harsh conditions. Most models come with robust materials that resist shocks, while water resistance ratings often reach impressive depths. This means they can survive the splashes and harsh elements without compromising functionality.
When picking a watch, look for a model with a minimum water resistance of at least 100 meters. This ensures that during an unexpected dunk in the water, your watch remains fully operational. A durable tide chart watch is like a trusted gear in the kit — it holds up its end of the bargain when the conditions get rough.
User-friendly Interface
Imagine gearing up with a complex gadget just when time is of the essence. A user-friendly interface in tide chart watches ensures that functionality doesn’t take a backseat when you’re out in the wild. The designs often include clear displays and intuitive navigation systems, so users don’t waste their time figuring out how to access essential features.
Many watches offer customizable settings, allowing users to prioritize information that is pertinent to their specific sport. Some even incorporate one-touch features for quick access to tidal info, making the experience seamless. When you’re juggling a surfboard and a paddle, the last thing you want is a watch that complicates rather than simplifies your adventure.
Safety Benefits of Tide Chart Watches
Tide chart watches are not just mere accessories for extreme sports enthusiasts; they are critical tools that enhance safety. Engaging in activities like surfing, kayaking, or fishing means navigating unpredictable waters, where conditions can shift swiftly. A tide chart watch provides real-time information that is indispensable for anyone who values their safety and well-being when undertaking adventure sports.
Avoiding Dangerous Conditions
One of the most significant roles tide chart watches play is in avoiding hazardous situations. Many extreme sports locations, particularly coastal areas, are prone to sudden tidal changes. High tides can lead to dangerous currents or submerged obstacles, while low tides can expose dangerous rocky outcrops.
Using a tide chart watch allows sports enthusiasts to keep tabs on tidal patterns. The watch displays tidal heights and times, enabling users to make informed decisions about when to head out or when to steer clear of certain areas.
For example, a surfer can plan their day based on the tide schedule. Getting caught in a riptide during high tide can be life-threatening, so knowing the exact timing of the tides can be the difference between a safe trip and a perilous one.
Moreover, local weather conditions can affect tides. A tide watch can help adjust plans according to real-time changes, ensuring that you're not caught off guard.
"Understanding the tides isn't just a safety precaution; it's a vital skill that every water enthusiast should cultivate."
Improved Planning for Activities
Having a reliable tide chart watch enhances the ability to plan activities. Whether it’s setting a schedule for fishing or preparing for a serene kayaking trip, knowing tidal information in advance lets sports enthusiasts maximize their experience.
For fishermen, certain species of fish are more active during specific tidal phases. A tide chart watch can guide you on the best times to cast your line for maximum success. Similarly, kayakers benefit greatly from knowing when the tide will assist or hinder their journey; this allows for leisurely paddling with the current rather than battling against it.
Here are a few ways tide chart watches assist with planning:
- Timing Trips: Coordinates trip times with peak tidal conditions for optimal performance.
- Safety Planning: Helps avoid dangerous locations by identifying safe tidal windows.
- Workout Scheduling: For surfers, identifying high waves can dictate when to practice or perform.
- Environmental Awareness: Understanding the ecology of tidal systems contributes to environmental responsibility.
In short, tide chart watches not only promote safety but turn challenges into informed adventures. Knowledge of tidal patterns empowers users to enjoy their extreme sports while minimizing risks.
Choosing the Right Tide Chart Watch
Picking the right tide chart watch is not just a matter of personal preference; it holds critical importance for extreme sports enthusiasts who wish to navigate effectively through their adventures. Having the right watch at your wrist can make all the difference, whether you're surfing the massive waves or kayaking along the coast. It's essential to understand the nuances involved in selecting a tide chart watch that aligns with your activities, your budget, and your specific distinct requirements.
Evaluating Brand Options
In the vast marketplace, numerous brands claim to provide top-notch tide chart watches. However, not every brand holds equal merit when it comes to durability, functionality, and accuracy. Established names like Garmin, Casio, and Suunto are often recommended due to their consistent reputation in the outdoor watch domain. These brands have stood the test of time, proving their designs in various extreme environments.
When evaluating brands, consider the following aspects:
- Reputation: Look up user experiences, endorsements from professionals, and brand history to gauge quality.
- Innovation: Some brands are more progressive in integrating new technologies, making them a better choice if you seek modern features.
- Customer Service: Good customer support can save you headaches in case something goes wrong.
- Warranty: This reflects the manufacturer's confidence in their product and can tip the scales in your favor during selection.
Key Specification Considerations
Not all tide chart watches are created equal; hence, key specifications play an essential role in selecting the right one. A beginner might find a basic model sufficient, while a serious athlete might need sophisticated features.
Here are some key specs to pay attention to:
- Display Quality: A clear, bright display secures functionality in sunlight or adverse weather.
- Battery Life: Extreme sports can lead to unexpected long hours outside. A long-lasting battery keeps you in the game.
- Water Resistance: Look for watches that provide at least 100 meters of water resistance if you plan to be submerged often.
- Functionality: The watch should not only display tidal information, but also have features like a stopwatch, altimeter, or GPS for added utility.
User Reviews and Recommendations
When it comes to making an informed purchasing decision, user reviews serve as a goldmine of valuable insights. They provide real-world feedback, highlighting both strengths and weaknesses of various models. Websites like reddit.com and various watch forums often feature discussions that shed light on the personal experiences of extreme sports enthusiasts.
Consider the following when reading reviews:
- Recency: Ensure the reviews are recent to gauge current performance.
- Diversity of Use Cases: Look for reviews from people who engage in the same or similar activities as yours. If you’re mostly into fishing, reviews from kayakers might not be as relevant.
- Common Issues: Pay attention to any recurring complaints; if many users mention the same problem, it could be a red flag.
Always remember that a watch’s performance can vary based on your particular activities and conditions.
In summary, choosing the right tide chart watch requires patience and diligence. By evaluating brand options, understanding key specifications, and considering user insights, you'll be set to nab the ideal timepiece tailored to your extreme sports adventures.
Popular Tide Chart Watches in the Market
When it comes to navigating the wild waters of extreme sports, having the right tools can make all the difference. Tide chart watches not only ensure you stay aligned with the ebb and flow of the ocean but also watch your back, keeping you safe in unpredictable conditions. In this ever-growing market, enthusiasts have an array of choices tailored to their specific needs. Understanding these options is paramount for making an informed decision that complements your adventurous spirit.
Smart Watches with Tide Features
Smart watches have become the Swiss Army knives of personal technology, integrating a slew of functionalities, including those specifically for tide tracking. Such devices often sync with mobile apps, enabling users to receive real-time updates about tidal changes. Imagine heading out for a surf session, and your watch buzzes just when conditions are prime.
A few noteworthy options include:
- Apple Watch Series – Its tides functionality works alongside GPS, offering detailed predictions based on user location.
- Garmin Fenix – This rugged watch is designed for outdoor lovers. Beyond tracking tides, it provides navigational aids that help with replacements if your course strays .
- Fitbit Versa – While primarily known for fitness tracking, its emerging features include tide charts, catering to the multi-sport athlete.
Smartwatches often provide a comfortable blend of technology while ensuring data aligns beautifully with your health stats. However, their battery life may fluctuate, especially when using GPS – an essential aspect to consider if you’re looking to escape into nature for multiple days.
Dedicated Tide Watches
For those who seek a more specialized approach, dedicated tide watches stand in a class of their own. Designed specifically to handle tidal data, these watches focus on durability and reliability, packing in features like moon phase tracking and user-friendly interfaces. Such qualities speak volumes about their function, as they are engineered to withstand the harshest conditions.
Highlighted models include:
- Suunto Traverse – Suunto has earned its stripes in the extreme sports realm. Its tide charts are highly accurate, catering specifically to surfing and kayaking enthusiasts.
- Casio G-Shock – Known for their robustness, some models are equipped with tide indicators that can withstand the blunt force of water sports while retaining critical information on tidal movements.
- Rip Curl Tide Watches – A familiar name among surfers, these dedicated watches not only list tide times but provide surf forecasts too, a massive plus when deciding where to ride those waves.
Dedicated tide watches often come equipped with robust materials like resin or stainless steel that fend off saltwater corrosion, ensuring longevity. Navigating tidal patterns can be a game changer for adventure seekers. Knowing the precise timings can enhance your strategies, whether you're casting your fishing line or paddling out against the waves.
"A good tide chart watch is not just a piece of equipment; it’s an extension of your instincts when out on the water."
In sum, both smart watches and dedicated tide options have their distinct pros and cons. It all boils down to your specific needs, the type of extreme sport you engage in, and how deeply you want system integration. Choosing wisely ensures you're not just riding the waves, but effectively mastering them.
Understanding Tide Patterns and Their Impact
When it comes to extreme sports, understanding the rhythm of the tides can spell the difference between triumph and calamity. Tide patterns directly impact water-based activities, shaping the experience for surfers, kayakers, and anglers alike. A deeper comprehension of these patterns not only enhances performance but also profoundly contributes to safety. This section will break down the natural influences driving tidal movements and discuss localized variations that affect specific locations.
Natural Influences on Tides
Tides are not just random movements of water. They are orchestrated by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on Earth’s surface. The relationship between these celestial bodies creates a predictable pattern, influencing how high or low the water hits the shore.
One significant factor to consider is the alignment of the sun, moon, and Earth. During full moons and new moons, the gravitational forces combine, leading to spring tides, which cause higher highs and lower lows. Conversely, during the first and third quarters of the lunar cycle, we witness neap tides, where the difference between high and low tide is minimal. This ebb and flow can alter conditions drastically, making it essential for extreme sports enthusiasts to keep tabs.
Additionally, meteorological conditions such as wind patterns and atmospheric pressure can also play a critical role. A strong onshore wind can temporarily push water closer to the beach, resulting in higher tides. Conversely, low pressure systems can lead to an unnaturally low tide. Keeping an eye on these dynamic elements can help enthusiasts forecast tidal behavior more accurately and make informed decisions about their oceanic ventures.
"Understanding tidal patterns is like knowing a secret handshake with nature. It allows you to ride the waves of opportunity while steering clear of danger."
Localized Tide Variations
The ocean is a vast expanse, and its response to tidal forces is anything but uniform. Various geographical features can lead to localized tide variations that extreme sports participants must understand.
For instance, estuaries, where rivers meet the ocean, often experience differing tide heights compared to open sea. The mouth of a river can amplify tides, creating exciting conditions for paddling and fishing, but also presenting risks such as sudden changes in current or unforeseen shallow areas.
Moreover, coastal landforms like bays and headlands can impact how tides work in specific locations. A bay might experience a larger tidal range compared to the nearby coast due to its shape and depth. The focus of tidal movements can also shift with the seasons, influenced by changes in temperature and water volume.
Finally, one should also consider human developments, such as docks or marinas, which might change tidal flow or create unexpected currents. Understanding these factors allows for a more proactive approach in planning activities and ensuring safety, leading to better experiences on the water.
In summary, for anyone engaged in extreme sports, a thorough grasp of tidal patterns and their influences is of paramount importance. This knowledge not only increases one's ability to navigate the water safely but also allows adrenaline seekers to capitalize on optimal conditions for their adventures.
Utilizing Tide Chart Information for Adventure
For extreme sports enthusiasts, integrating tide chart information into their adventures isn’t just a matter of convenience; it’s essential for optimizing performance and ensuring safety. Understanding tidal patterns can mean the difference between a thrilling day on the water and a potentially dangerous situation. Let’s delve into how tide information aids in preparation, particularly for surfing, kayaking, and fishing.
Preparation for Surfing Events
When it comes to surfing, timing is everything. Waves are largely influenced by tidal movements, which creates varying conditions. A surfer has to grasp when the tides will roll in or out to make the most of their experience. When the tide is coming in, it often leads to better waves as the water moves towards the shore. This can create barrels or powerful waves that appeal to seasoned surfers.
Additionally, tide charts help inform surfers about specific surfing spots. Not every wave breaks well at every tide. Some locations might be ideal during high tide while others shine at low tide. Adjusting plans based on tidal patterns can maximize the thrill of catching the perfect wave.
Benefits of Using Tide Charts for Surfing:
- Identifying optimal conditions: Surfing during the right tide cycle greatly increases the chances of finding quality waves.
- Safety margin: Knowing the timing of incoming tides can help avoid unexpected water depth changes and riptides.
- Enhanced experience: A well-timed session leads to a more enjoyable and productive day.
Tidal Considerations for Kayaking and Fishing
For kayakers and anglers, understanding tidal information directly impacts safety and success. In kayaking, tides can create unpredictable currents, influencing how much effort is needed to paddle upstream or downstream. If paddling against an outgoing tide, one might find themselves working much harder than anticipated. Therefore, having a handle on the tidal charts allows kayakers to plot a route that minimizes fatigue.
For fishing, tides play an equally important role. Fish are naturally drawn to specific areas influenced by the rise and fall of tides. At certain times, fish move into shallower waters to feed, making those moments prime for casting lines. Tidal fluctuations can inform anglers about when and where fish might be more active. For example, several species, such as flounder and striped bass, tend to feed heavily around tide changes.
Considerations for Kayaking and Fishing:
- Current awareness: Anticipating tidal patterns can help kayakers select safer and more efficient routes.
- Fish activity: Understanding how tidal cycles affect fish behavior enhances fishing success.
- Safety precautions: Knowledge of tides minimizes risks associated with rapid water changes, ensuring a safer experience on the water.
"Navigating tides with accuracy not only maximizes adventure but keeps adrenaline-fueled activities within the realm of safety."
Ultimately, utilizing tide chart information for adventure sports not only boosts performance but also enhances safety for thrill-seekers. Whether hitting the waves, paddling through waterways, or casting a line, being prepared for the rhythm of the tides can transform an ordinary outing into a memorable experience. By keeping an eye on these changes, adventurers empower themselves with knowledge that leads to better choices, safer journeys, and more fulfilling challenges.
Future Trends in Tide Chart Technology
The landscape of tide chart watches is shifting, driven by advances in technology that reflect the evolving needs of extreme sports enthusiasts. The integration of innovative features not only enhances safety but also enriches the overall experience of outdoor activities like surfing, kayaking, and fishing. Understanding these trends is essential for users who want to leverage technology for better outing decisions.
Integrating GPS Technology
One of the most promising trends in tide chart technology is the incorporation of GPS capabilities. This feature allows users to pinpoint their location with remarkable accuracy. By knowing their precise position relative to tidal conditions, adventurers can make informed choices about the best times and locations for their activities.
Imagine this: You’re gearing up for an early morning surf session. With a GPS-enabled tide watch, you can view real-time data on tides and currents specific to your location, ensuring you’re not caught off guard by any sudden changes. Additionally, this tech can help in tracking your own movements over time, offering insights that can generally enhance your experience. For example, if you consistently find better waves at a particular spot, the technology will better prepare you to return based on optimal tide conditions.
App Integration and Functionality
The rise of smartphones has undoubtedly influenced how tide information is accessed. Tide chart watches are increasingly being designed to sync with companion apps. These applications provide a wealth of features that go well beyond simple tide predictions. Users can receive notifications about tide changes, view comprehensive weather forecasts, and even access community-shared information on conditions from other local adventurers. This means a kayaker can glance at their watch and see up-to-the-minute data about potential hazards or changes in weather that could affect their outing.
Moreover, many of these applications allow for customization. Users can set alerts for their favorite fishing spots or even log the details of their sessions for future reference. Tracking performance, monitoring conditions, and sharing experiences becomes more seamless as all of this data is gathered over time. In doing so, adventurers can not only enjoy their current activities but also prepare better for upcoming endeavors.
The embrace of technology within tide chart watches is not just about convenience; it’s about enabling a more dynamic and safer sporting experience.
Epilogue
The Essential Nature of Tide Chart Watches
Tide chart watches are far from being mere accessories; they are pivotal tools for anyone engaged in extreme sports like surfing, kayaking, or fishing. These watches do not just tell time; they provide vital information on tidal patterns, helping enthusiasts make informed decisions on when to hit the waves or navigate through tricky waterways. By keeping track of tidal changes, athletes can enhance their performance, ensure safety, and ultimately enjoy their adventures to the fullest.
The possibility of getting caught off-guard by rapidly changing tides can spell disaster. Flooded areas and strong currents pose real threats to both seasoned athletes and beginners alike. A tide chart watch acts as a safeguard, making sure that individuals can predict these shifts and respond accordingly. The integration of real-time data in many of these devices elevates their practicality. With updates at your wrist, there’s no need to guess how the tide will affect your day.
Moreover, these watches often include features that are tailored for specific sports, making them easier to use for everyone's unique needs. For instance, certain models focus on buoy markers critical for sea kayaking, while others provide data essential for surfing spots recognized worldwide. This specialization makes tide chart watches a must-have for serious practitioners of extreme sports.
Final Thoughts for Extreme Sports Enthusiasts
In wrapping up the exploration of tide chart watches, it's essential to underline their place in the gear list of any adventure seeker. From offering a safety net to encouraging better decision-making, these watches are indispensable in any outdoor enthusiast's toolkit. Being aware of tidal rhythms transforms how one engages with the ocean and rivers. After all, knowledge is power.
As technology continues to evolve with integrations of GPS, app functionalities, and more, we can expect tide chart watches to advance further, providing even richer data. This ongoing improvement results in a wider variety of options tailored to different sports, enticing both newcomers and experienced professionals.
So, whether you’re a person who breathes the adrenaline of tidal surfing or someone looking to paddle across serene waters, the right tide chart watch will open up new horizons for your adventures. Investing your resources into a quality timepiece will pay dividends in experiences that are both thrilling and safe. With the right gear on your wrist, there’s no telling what new challenges and wonders lie ahead.
"Knowledge of tides is understanding nature, and nature is where adventure begins—embrace it with the right tools at hand."
